Since 2011, Iran has had two problems in its state-run and oil-dependent economy. The first problem was a set of severe sanctions against Iran for its nuclear program. The second was the war in the Middle East after the Arab uprisings in which Iran was engaged directly or indirectly.

The study was carried out in a public hospital operating in Sakarya province and data were obtained by questionnaire method. In this study, the attitudes towards work, tendency to use technology, the perception of education, communication at work, career management, organizational culture, attitudes in the areas of place attachment and wages in the field of human resources of human health are examined. As a result of the studies carried out, it was revealed that the participants differed within the Generation Y; it had breaks and this affected the perceptions of work style in a different way.

Today in driving organizations, the crucial part in accomplishing the objectives of the organizations is through effectual leadership. Considering the ultimate goal to stimulate employees, managers and leaders adopts a transformational leadership style. If there is a gap between the supervisory staff and the employees of the organization, there is a greater risk of a higher rate of employee turnover. The employee turnover ratio in the organization depends on the behavior of supervisory personnel. Based upon deep down concepts of transformational leadership and turnover intention, this study is employing mediation analysis to investigate the causal relationship amongst transformational leadership, employee engagement and turnover intentions of academic staff of business schools of Private Universities. In this study, responses of 345 academic staff have been used based upon convenience sampling technique. Research findings of this study demonstrate the partial mediation between transformational leadership and turnover intentions through employee engagement. The study was cross-sectional in nature. Questionnaire was used to accumulate data from Business schools of 5 private sector universities through self-administered practice. The data was investigated by utilizing SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) 22.0. Pearson correlation, Descriptive statistics and mediation (through Andrew F.Hayes) were used to analyze data. Outcome generated revealed the significant negative relationship between dependent (turnover intention) and independent variables (transformational leadership) and employee engagement partially mediates the relationship between the variables.

The benefits of the increased competitiveness are discussed in the context of the superior national productivity, achieving higher GDP growth, but as well higher export with positive implications on the trade and current account balance. The Republic of Macedonia, as a small an open economy, continuously works on improving its national competitiveness, which in parallel with the aspiration towards the EU accession process, became its strategic interest too. Although in the recent decade, there is a trend of improved competitiveness in Republic of Macedonia, the progress is much slower than in other EU countries with limited impact on its export performance. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze if the competitiveness made an impact on different aspect of export performance such as: export growth, export market size growth, as well as trade and current account balance. Using the trend and regression analysis, for the period 2005-2015, this paper presents that there is still positive correlation between competitiveness and the exports of goods and services but close to the critical level of t-value (2,25) and the statistical significance of 95%.However the exports growth and other export performance indicators show some discrepancies from the basic findings, which are in details presented in the paper.

Nepal got the membership of the World Trade Organization through the negotiation process in 2004. The objective of Nepal in achieving the membership was to diversify its trade and to liberalize the trade regime. The paper attempts to evaluate whether Nepal achieved its objective as compared to the international trade regime before its accession to the WTO. The paper uses the secondary data retrieved from the World Bank and Nepal Rastra Bank. On the other hand, we have evaluated the trade diversification by using data from Nepal Rasta Bank. It was found that the objective of trade diversification was not found statistically significant, even after the accession to the WTO. Finally, the findings of the study can be translated to the trade policy to serve the national interest of trade balance in the backdrop of rocketing trade deficit of Nepal.

This paper aims to approach an overheated topic in the context of dynamic economies and modern democracies, namely the central bank independence related to the adopted monetary policy strategy, as well as their impact on the good functioning of the economy. The independence of the central bank (CBI) is a pillar for the effectiveness of the monetary policy, providing the premise of a credible and depolitised institution. To put it differently, a high level of CBI may be linked to a smaller level of corruption and political interference; therefore, the central bank has an appropriate margin of manoeuvre, which increases financial stability. The central bank independence has been measured under various forms after signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, but the initiators are Cukierman and GMT, who provided the fundamental indices. Measuring the central bank autonomy both legally (de jure) and informally (de facto) represents a complex endeavour in a dynamic and volatile socio-economic context. This paper’s objective is to calculate CBI starting from the CUK and GMT indices, but also to empirically approach the relationship between CBI and macroeconomic performance, namely price stability and output (GDP). Hence, the study starts from the hypothesis of a correlation between the GDP and CBI, on the one hand, and between inflation and CBI, on the other hand. Numerous studies have shown an insignificant positive correlation between independence and GDP, and also the fact that a negative correlation between inflation and CBI is not generally valid. Accordingly, this paper aims to demonstrate whether CBI is a viable determinant of growth and inflation volatility. The analyzed time series encompass the 2007-2016 period of time and the subject of the research is the National Bank of Romania, whose credibility in the postcrisis era is high, due to the lack of bank failures and to the general stability and soundness of the banking system.